The operating systems developed by automobile companies and suppliers are actually complementary to the kernel, developing middleware or tailoring application software. Their development ability is reflected in the overall framework of the underlying operating system developed by them, and the framework depends on the combination of the operating system and middleware.

Based on the QNX kernel, the design of middleware is usually completed by stacking customized upper algorithms. Based on the Linux kernel, it is first according to their own needs, do software configuration to the bottom kernel, and then the upper layer adapt to different middle layer algorithm, so Linux is much more difficult.

With the help of middleware, automakers can adopt a plug-in design to develop different hardware configurations in a unified and customized manner, and then expand the software (different levels of autonomous driving algorithms) and hardware (liDAR optional installation) according to the needs.